Target tracking applications in wireless sensor networks need to achieve energy efficiency, tracking accuracy, and\ncertain real-time constraints in response to fast-moving targets. From a layer view, an energy-efficient cross-layer\ncommunication protocol that consists of a medium access control layer and network routing layer is necessary for\njoint optimization. Due to the interference and contention over the wireless medium, the limited resources of\nbattery-operated sensor nodes, and the dynamic topology of large-scale networks, this cross-layer design becomes a\nchallenging task. In this research, we exploit a cluster routing algorithm over large-scale networks and propose a\nlow-duty-cycle medium access control (MAC) algorithm to reduce collision, idle-listening, and overhearing. In\naddition, our work focuses on the joint optimization of routing and a MAC strategy for achieving a good trade-off\nbetween low delay, energy efficiency, and tracking accuracy. To deploy this protocol in a real tracking application, we\nalso propose a clustering synchronization procedure that does not require distributing the global timing information\nover the complete network to achieve network-wide time synchronization. An analytical model and extensive\nsimulations are proposed to evaluate and compare the performance of our work with existing protocols. Simulation\nand analysis results show that our approach achieves better communication delay and thus better tracking error while\nmaintaining reasonable energy consumption compared to other cases.
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